author(s)
Idrees HMS Al-Jaf, Mayada SJ Ibrahim, Adnan NH Hammadi, Ahmed FZ Al-Dulaimy and Hiba EAlfahdawi

abstract
As the world's population grows, traditional agriculture confronts substantial challenges from resource constraint and climate change, making food security and sustainability top priorities. Smart agriculture, which incorporates technology such as artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), and drones, provides novel solutions for increasing productivity and resource efficiency. AI technologies are used to examine large agricultural datasets such as satellite imaging, soil properties, and weather patterns, resulting in better crop and resource management as well as higher yields. IoT technologies help by monitoring environmental conditions and accurately managing irrigation and agricultural inventory. Furthermore, drones are used to check crop health and apply fertilisers with precision, reducing waste and increasing efficiency. Practical examples in the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States demonstrate how smart agriculture has cut water and fertiliser consumption while increasing production. However, problems remain, such as high implementation costs, a lack of technical expertise, and insufficient communication infrastructure in rural areas. Smart agriculture in Iraq offers significant opportunities to improve productivity through technologies such as smart irrigation systems, climate data analysis, and drones. However, its implementation faces challenges related to a lack of infrastructure and training, requiring government efforts and international support to overcome these obstacles and achieve food security. Integrating artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technologies into the agricultural sector can contribute to more efficient use of water and energy resources. Partnerships between universities, research centers, and agricultural companies are crucial in developing innovative solutions tailored to local environmental and economic conditions. Raising awareness among farmers about the importance of shifting towards digital agriculture is an essential step to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production and achieve comprehensive rural development.