Molecular breeding has transformed the ornamental plant industry by enabling breeders to introduce desirable traits with greater precision and speed compared to traditional methods. This review explores recent trends in molecular breeding techniques for ornamental plants, covering the period from 2010 to 2024. Key technologies discussed include marker-assisted selection (MAS), next-generation sequencing (NGS), genomic selection (GS), and genome editing techniques like CRISPR-Cas9. MAS has been instrumental in improving traits such as flower color and disease resistance by using molecular markers linked to specific genes. The use of NGS has expanded the genetic understanding of complex traits, such as floral scent and stress tolerance, by allowing for comprehensive genome and transcriptome analysis.

Genomic selection has emerged as a powerful tool for predicting the performance of polygenic traits, such as flower size and vase life, by integrating genome-wide markers and phenotypic data. Furthermore, the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has enabled precise gene editing, allowing for targeted modifications of traits like fragrance and sterility in invasive species. The review highlights specific case studies, such as the application of MAS in roses and petunias, NGS in orchids and gerberas, and CRISPR-Cas9 in jasmine and Japanese knotweed, to demonstrate the practical impact of these technologies.

Challenges in molecular breeding include the limited availability of genomic resources for many ornamental species and the complexity of multi-gene traits, which require advanced breeding strategies. Despite these challenges, molecular breeding offers significant potential for improving both the aesthetic and functional traits of ornamental plants. The future of the field lies in expanding genomic resources, enhancing breeding precision through new tools, and integrating molecular techniques into commercial horticultural practices to meet evolving market demands. This review offers insights into these trends, providing a roadmap for future research and commercial applications in ornamental plant breeding.