author(s)
Amina Okafor, Kofi Mensah and Siti Kamara

abstract
The Sahel region in Africa, characterized by semi-arid conditions, faces significant challenges such as food insecurity, soil degradation, and the impacts of climate change. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices on maize yield and soil health in the Sahel, focusing on the effects of minimum tillage, residue retention, and crop rotation. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used across four study sites in western Burkina Faso, with treatments including CA+ (minimum tillage, residue retention, crop rotation), CA- (minimum tillage without residue retention), conventional tillage with residue retention, and conventional tillage with no crop rotation. Soil samples were analyzed for organic carbon, moisture content, and nutrient availability, while maize yield was assessed at harvest. The results indicated that CA+ significantly increased maize yield by 23%, compared to conventional tillage practices. Soil organic carbon levels increased by 25%, and soil moisture content was higher in CA+ plots, especially during dry periods. Nutrient availability, including nitrogen and phosphorus, was also enhanced under CA+ practices. Statistical analysis revealed that CA practices improved soil structure and moisture retention, leading to better maize productivity. The study concluded that CA practices, particularly when integrated as a comprehensive package, can enhance maize yield and soil health in the Sahel, offering a sustainable solution to address the region's agricultural challenges. The findings underscore the potential of CA to increase resilience to climate variability, improve soil fertility, and contribute to long-term agricultural sustainability. Future research should focus on long-term evaluations and expanding CA adoption among smallholder farmers in the region.