Aquaponics represents an emerging, resource-efficient food production system that integrates aquaculture and hydroponics within a mutually beneficial, recirculating environment. Operating on a closed-loop principle, fish-derived ammonia is biologically transformed by nitrifying bacteria into plant-available nitrates, enabling simultaneous water purification and nutrient recycling. This integrated mechanism allows aquaponics to reduce water use by nearly 90% compared to conventional soil agriculture, eliminates the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and supports sustainable waste management. A functional system incorporates key components are fish tank, mechanical and biological filtration units, grow beds, and continuous aeration and pumping along with careful regulation of parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and nitrogen compounds to maintain ecosystem stability. Various fish species, especially tilapia and African catfish, and vegetable crops ranging from leafy greens to fruiting plants, perform well under aquaponic conditions using designs such as Deepwater Culture, Nutrient Film Technique, and media-based beds. With its capacity for dual production, high yield per unit area, and suitability for urban and peri-urban settings, aquaponics contributes significantly to food security and aligns with SDG targets on hunger reduction and water conservation. Despite challenges related to initial investment, energy dependence, and technical complexity, its potential for year-round, eco-friendly production is driving increasing global adoption.